近年來，伴隨CCD和DSP技術(shù)的日趨進步，低照度攝像機雖然日趨成熟穩(wěn)定，并在不少領(lǐng)域中使用，但行業(yè)專家認為低照度攝像機并非是市場主流，只有在一些特定的情況下被應(yīng)用，如添加光源成本較高或不便于安裝光源的情況下，低照度攝像機才能發(fā)揮作用。所為何故?目前低照度攝像機發(fā)展遭遇哪些困境?如何才能實現(xiàn)破繭成蝶? 

　　曲高和寡

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title="監(jiān)控">監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)建設(shè)試點工程(即“3111”試點工程)進入整體推進階段外，安防在高鐵建設(shè)、高速公路建設(shè)、地鐵城軌、城市智能交通、校園監(jiān)控、社區(qū)家庭等細分行業(yè)中的需求也在增長。此外，大型活動帶動的需求同樣不容忽視，即將迎來8月12日第26屆世界大學(xué)生運動會的深圳，其供大運會使用的智能交通系統(tǒng)、信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)和安保系統(tǒng)等，就將投入30多億元。

    然而，作為前端監(jiān)控的一份子——低照度攝像機并沒有跟上安防的大跨步節(jié)奏。據(jù)CantronicSystems市場營銷執(zhí)行副總裁JonChynoweth稱，就全球市場來看，低照度攝像機的市場規(guī)模僅有3億美元左右，這些攝像機也主要用于特殊場合或者偏遠區(qū)域，如一些機要區(qū)域、關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、化工廠、邊檢控制、港口入境和邊防。

    尋根認祖

    除了最原始的增加補光燈或紅外燈、選用大靶面CCD(該方法百萬像素攝像機普遍采用)外，長期來改善低照度成像效果的手段不外乎下面幾種。

    選用高靈敏度CCD，目前攝像機大多采用兩大系列CCD,一是索尼的SUPPERHADCCD系列，另一是索尼的EX-VIEWHADCCD系列。EXVIEWHADCCD將CCD每一像素的開口率提高，進而達到更低照度。技術(shù)資料介紹EXVIEWHADCCD的低照效果是SUPPERHADCCD的4~6倍，實際上確實有提升;

    ·彩轉(zhuǎn)黑技術(shù)，目前采用這一技術(shù)甚多，可配合使用紅外燈。轉(zhuǎn)換技術(shù)有兩種，一是采用紅外濾光片和切換電路來進行彩色/黑白轉(zhuǎn)換;另一種利用電子電路將彩色信號濾除掉，無需紅外濾光片。高端彩轉(zhuǎn)黑攝像機多采用前一種切換技術(shù)，以保證顏色還原度和清晰度;

    ·幀累積(慢快門)技術(shù)，但慢快門的啟動使得圖像實時性變差，造成嚴(yán)重的拖尾現(xiàn)象，所以只適用于靜態(tài)場所的監(jiān)視，不宜監(jiān)控目標(biāo)移動速度較快的場合;

    ·數(shù)字降噪技術(shù)，從一些高檔低照攝像機的數(shù)字降噪表現(xiàn)來看，能在低照的噪點過多的情況下(特別是AGC啟動時)，較好地改善圖像的潔凈度和清晰度，從而提升低照成像效果，但很多攝像機在降噪功能啟動后還是會出現(xiàn)拖尾和動畫感問題。

    從上述簡單羅列，可歸納出提升低照度下成像效果的途徑主要還是從兩方面入手：一是提高CCD自身性能;二是增加內(nèi)部軟硬件的圖像處理能力。

    遭遇軟肋

    近年來，低照度攝像機盡管已有長足進步，但隨著應(yīng)用要求的不斷提高，或說用戶日益的“挑剔”，也暴露出種種弊端，并制約著其進一步發(fā)展，這主要表現(xiàn)在感光器件靈敏度還不能真正滿足全天候監(jiān)控的需求、產(chǎn)品價格的劣勢，以及需求本身的強度不高。所以說，靈敏度、價格、需求強度便成了其阻礙壯大的軟肋。 

　　感光器件靈敏度

    感光器件在近幾年雖然發(fā)展迅速，但仍然與人們的期望值有較大的差距。浙江大華技術(shù)股份有限公司產(chǎn)品中心產(chǎn)品經(jīng)理江用也表示，從技術(shù)上來看制約低照度攝像機發(fā)展的最主要的因素仍是感光器件的靈敏度。如果感光器件的靈敏度不夠高，在非常微弱的自然光且不借助其他光源的情況下就會導(dǎo)致圖像噪點增多、清晰度不高、層次感不強。感光器件性能不穩(wěn)定將導(dǎo)致攝像機對被攝物體的細節(jié)分辨能力下降。所以，為了在底光照環(huán)境下也能獲得較理想的圖像效果，采用“超感度”的低照CCD是提高攝像機低照度性能、獲得理想圖像效果的最關(guān)鍵因素。

    價格劣勢

    其次是產(chǎn)品價格。神州數(shù)碼(中國)有限公司AMPON事業(yè)部產(chǎn)品經(jīng)理蘭柳表示，低照度攝像機器件品質(zhì)選擇要比普通攝像機高，還會應(yīng)用一些獨特的技術(shù)來進一步提升低照度性能，因此低照度攝像機的成本較高。因為不僅需要采用低照度性能優(yōu)秀的CCD，而且在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計上，要有專門的低照度電路，并采用ICR機械彩轉(zhuǎn)黑(即步進電機驅(qū)動的雙濾光片設(shè)計)等。再者，低照度攝像機的核心器件超感度CCD依然被索尼等幾家半導(dǎo)體巨頭壟斷，所以，產(chǎn)品價格仍舊居高不下。

    此外，其他監(jiān)控攝像機對低照度產(chǎn)品也有一定的影響，如紅外一體機。實際上這兩種產(chǎn)品是互相補充的關(guān)系。一般地，紅外一體機定位在中低價位，而低照度攝像機成本較高，占據(jù)中高價位。這樣就使得既可以選擇紅外一體機，也可以選擇低照度攝像機的場合，用戶又沒有專門要求時，如果預(yù)算不足，用戶往往會更傾向于采用價格更低廉的紅外一體機產(chǎn)品。

    市場需求強度不高

    伴隨著CCD和DSP技術(shù)的日趨進步，低照度攝像機雖然日趨成熟穩(wěn)定，也在不少領(lǐng)域中使用，但行業(yè)專家認為低照度攝像機并非是市場主流，只有在一些特定區(qū)域如添加光源成本較高或不便于安裝光源的情況下，低照度攝像機才能發(fā)揮重要的作用。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，超過半數(shù)以上的應(yīng)用環(huán)境，對監(jiān)控強度的要求不是特別高，要求攝像機24小時保持高品質(zhì)監(jiān)控的場合并不多，普通攝像機就能滿足大多數(shù)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的監(jiān)控需求。由此可見，低照度攝像機的應(yīng)用還需要克服選用上的人為因素，才能取得較大突破。